SEC výkazy
10-K · 10-Q · Regulatory Filings with the SEC
Mandatory periodic reports that every publicly traded US company must file with the regulator (SEC) — the most reliable primary source of company financial data.
What it is
SEC (Securities and Exchange Commission) is the US capital markets regulator. Publicly traded companies must file standardized reports with it on a regular schedule; those reports are publicly available.
10-K — annual report. Complete, audited financial statements (income statement, balance sheet, cash flow), plus MD&A (management commentary) and risk factors. The most thorough and reliable document about a company.
10-Q — quarterly report. An abbreviated version covering three quarters of the year, unaudited, less detail than 10-K. The fourth quarter is not filed separately — it is completed by the full-year 10-K.
8-K — extraordinary event report (acquisition, management change, material contract) filed within days of the event, outside the regular cycle.
Foreign companies listed in the US (ADRs) often file 20-F instead of 10-K/10-Q — less frequent (annual only) and with a somewhat different format.
Why track it
SEC filings are the primary source — all aggregated data (see FMP) ultimately originates from them. When an aggregated source and the official filing diverge, the filing is always correct.
The 10-K contains sections that aggregators often do not convert into structured data: risk factors written in management's own words, litigation, segment details, and customer concentration. For in-depth analysis, reading the actual text is irreplaceable.
Real-world example
Microsoft files a 10-K once a year (fiscal year ends June 30) and three 10-Qs during the year. The 10-K contains a detailed segment breakdown (Azure, Microsoft 365, Windows), while the earnings press release contains only summary numbers.
Watch out for
10-Q numbers are unaudited and may be slightly revised in the 10-K. For companies with an off-calendar fiscal year (fiscal year ≠ calendar year), it is easy to confuse which period a "10-K for year X" actually covers — always verify the fiscal period end date, not just the filing date.